Drosophila Melanogaster

Autosomal Inheritance of Wrinkled and black Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster Abstract Homozygous Wrinkled virgin females and homozygous black male Drosophila melanogaster, were crossed. Mutations were located on chromosome two and three respectively. The F1 generation, all Wrinkled and black, was inbred yielding and F2 generation. A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 was hypothesized with wrinkled wings and wild type body: wrinkled wings and black body: wild type wings and body wing: wild type wings and black body correspondingly. A p-value

How to Make Eggrolls

Throughout my childhood and growing up, my mother always made something simple for us to eat. I always thought it was simple, but it’s more complicated than it looks. My mother always made eggrolls, noodles, and this Vietnamese special sauce called â€Å"nuoc mam†. It’s the simplest and quickest thing to make when you have about five children to feed in the house. The only problem is, is that you would have to pre-make the eggrolls already. So how do you do such?Well first you would have to gather all of your ingredients. There’s over ten items that you would need. First you would have to purchase grounded pork, shrimps, eggs, white onions, green onions, black pepper, salt, carrots, Vietnamese potato, different Vietnamese spices, and many more. You would have to chop up the carrots and Vietnamese potato in tiny little strands and pieces. Then you would throw everything in one big bucket and mix it with your hands, but make sure your hands are washed cleanl y!Once you’re done mixing everything in the bucket, you take the eggroll wrapping sheet, place it on a cutting board, take a spoon and scoop the mixed pork onto one corner of the eggroll wrapping sheet, roll it, and dab a little bit of egg yolk to seal it. You would have to continuously do this until you run out of the eggroll wrapping sheets or out of the pork itself. You would have to have your fryer at three hundred and fifty degrees and wait until the oil boils.The best way to figure out if the oil is hot and ready is by sticking a wooden chopstick into the oil and seeing if there are sizzling bubbles bubbling around the wooden chopstick. Once the oil is hot, you drop however many eggrolls you want or that would fit in your fryer or pot, and let it fry in the fryer. You leave it in there for about five to eight minutes and then check on it again. If it looks golden brown, you can either flip it and leave it in the fryer for another two minutes or simply take it out and se t it on a plate or basket with napkins beneath it so the oil could drip on it.In the end, all you have to do is boil some Vietnamese rice noodles, chop the vegetables you would like to eat with the eggrolls, and make the Vietnamese special sauce if you please. You would put the noodles first into a bowl or a plate, put the vegetables that you would like onto the top of the noodles, then take a pair of scissors and cut the eggrolls to fall on top of the vegetables. Then you would have to drizzle the sauce on top of the eggrolls, noodles, and vegetables. All you basically have to do is stir, and dig in!

Data Analysis on Questionnaires (edit) Research Paper

Data Analysis on Questionnaires (edit) - Research Paper Example The first question in this survey simply asked patients to list the age at which they were diagnosed with diabetes. The participants in this group were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes at ages ranging from 31 to 50, the youngest being a woman who initially developed Gestational diabetes during a pregnancy. Eighty-four percent of the participants were diagnosed when they were in the range of 40 to 49-years-old, supporting the evidence showing that this type of diabetes is most commonly found in adults. Answers referring to the diagnosis of the participants show a trend that most people are unaware that they even suffer from the disease until they are diagnosed by a medical professional. Participants were asked how they were diagnosed with diabetes with the second question of the survey. Almost half of the surveyed group – forty-eight percent – went to their general practitioner based on symptoms that the patients recognized as possibly being linked to diabetes because of family members with the disease or for symptoms ranging from wounds that would not heal to dizziness to rapid weight loss or gain. Glucose tests were then performed to diagnose the disease. Conversely, the other fifty-two percent of the participants were surprised by a diagnosis of diabetes. Three women developed Gestational diabetes during or after pregnancies when no history of the disease was present. The other ten participants were all incidentally diagnosed because of other health problems. Half were being hospitalized for other illnesses and blood tests showed abnormal glucose levels. The other half was having routine blood tests, pre-surgery blood tests, and even an insurance s creening when their diabetes was diagnosed. Thus, while almost half of the group was aware of present symptoms of the disease, over half had no idea they had any blood glucose abnormalities until the lab test results were stumbled

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research Proposal Example The major aim of this design of research is establishment of truth by conceptualization of what is happening by the use of empirical research. This approach, somehow, looks like what most researchers do when they are retrospectively in an attempt to formulate some new postulations that can fit the data (Levering, 1983). Just like in the other methods, my objective here is the creation of concepts that describe how the teenage should deal with their major concerns regardless of place and time. In this case, just like behavioral research activities, parents, teenagers, and community are the units of analysis. There has been a rise in the rate of teenage pregnancy rates and this tends to be a matter of public concern. Teenage behavior has gradually changed with time due to activities and the current perception of sex in the contemporary world (Suri, 1994). In the United sates, the teenage pregnancy graph rises steadily and this has led to the establishment of various research centers aimed at finding the roots and possible solutions to teenage pregnancies. Currently, the United States has initiated an ongoing debate on whether sex education should be included in the school curriculum. If so, what kind of information is to be transmitted to teenagers about sex through the school course? The parents and community have a huge role to play in the lives of teenagers. This is because of the contact that exists between them and teenagers. According to my perception, sex or teenage pregnancy education is the role left for both the parents and community. Teenagers spend much time in near their parents and in the community leaving school teachers with little time contact with them. Actually, teachers are supposed to treat sex education as biological activity in line with the given school curriculum. Both the community and parental actions mold teenage behavior meaning that they have great influence over teenage life (Suri,

Human Resource Management in a Business Context Essay - 1

Human Resource Management in a Business Context - Essay Example This essay focuses on the discussion of the racial discrimination in police, that is one of the problems affected human relations and work productivity. The most insidious prejudices are negative attitudes directed toward groups of people. They take the form of assumptions or generalizations about all or most members of a particular group. This kind of in-group versus out-group hostility that disrupts work unit interactions and subverts organization effectiveness. The behaviors, customs, and values of out-group people are labeled strange or weird. Verbal misunderstandings are frequently the beginning of problems between culturally different police officers. Most police officers fear things and people who are different and they often verbally strike out or physically lash out in an aggressive manner to protect themselves. Aggressive discourse occurs as dominant-group members verbalize negative feelings toward minority-group members, and vice versa. The researcher states that effective communication and diversity training initiatives are the main methods, which help to eliminate racial envy and ethnic differences in police. The absence of positive conversations about particular minorities can usually be correlated to the absence or underrepresentation of these individuals in the workplaces in question. In conclusion, the researcher mentiones that racial discrimination is unlawful and illegal, so police administration should take corrective actions to avoid further dissemination and victimization of racial minorities.

How Bingeing Became the New College Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Bingeing Became the New College Sport - Essay Example The present research has identified that according to the U.S laws, persons who completed 18 years of age are matured enough to vote whereas only after the completion of 21 years of age, they are matured enough to drink. Even though the above law helped saving the lives of many youths from alcohol-related driving accidents and alcohol poisoning, it resulted in the creation of an unintended culture around forbidden alcoholism among the youths. College life is perceived also as an opportunity for drinking by the youths. â€Å"Drinking has been an aspect of college life since the first Western universities in the 14th century† (Seaman). In the 90’s the beer culture on college campuses was shifted to hard liquor culture. It is better to lower the drinking age to 18 even if some problems may occur initially. The initial thirst for drinking may settle after some time and the students will definitely concentrate more on studies thereafter, as witnessed in the Montreal's McGill University. Montreal's McGill University, which enrolls about 2,000 American undergraduates a year, reported that many students, when they first arrive, go overboard, exploiting their ability to drink legally. â€Å"But by midterms, when McGills demanding academic standards must be met, the vast majority has put drinking into its practical place among their priorities†. In short, drink age should be lowered to 18 from 21. In my opinion, lowering of drink age from 21 to 18 is not a wise step. It is a fact that the voting rights were allotted to those who completed 18 years of age. At the same time, we must visualize the voting right and drink age as two separate issues. Drinking will destroy the ability of a person to think rationally. Giving voting rights at 18 years of age is a strategy for developing political awareness and interest among students.

Chemical engineering assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chemical engineering - Assignment Example The radioactive waste emanating from the plants entails care, which is dangerous to humanity where its impacts do not die out quickly. Consequently, this waste necessitates approximately 10,000 years of care and containing where it will be now safe if released to the environment. Besides, the construction of the plant does not ensure 100% secure; thus, there must be a probability of failure evident in the process where small accidents in the plant yields to devastating results (Dopinath 1240). This does not affect the workforce only, but the neighboring inhabitance and extending to unprotected regions where the waves may leak and inhabit the place rendering it unproductive. For illustration, this is evident in Hiroshima and Chernobyl disaster regions where to date those effects are evident (Ferguson 153). There is a high probability that Nuclear energy’s knowhow can yield to grievous results once it dawns on to some states that are ruthless, and notorious for terrorism attacks. Nuclear energy’s option knowhow, no matter how esteemed currently it may be, eventually this cannot be a reliable remedy for energy regardless of the states that advocate it (Dopinath 1236). This is because its negative impacts are worse and long-term compared to the

Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Essay

Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly - Essay Example What made the British Empire great was the fact that it formed the backbone of industrialization in this world. They were the cornerstone of industrial towns, developed cities and advanced water transport (Black, 2001). Everything the empire’s regime did was stored secretly not wanting any other empire to steal their secrets, which they did extremely well. The Japan Empire The Empire of Japan also known as the Empire of the Rising Sun was both an empire and world power, which existed from the Meiji reinstatement on January 3rd, 1868, to the endorsement of the post-Second World War Charter of Japan on May 3rd, 1947. Colonial Japan's fast militarization and industrialization under the slogan Fukoku Kyohei led to its surfacing as a world power, ultimately culminating in its association in the Axis alliance, as well as the subjugation of a large fraction of the Asia-Pacific expanse. At the summit of its authority, in 1942, the Japanese Empire administered over a land spanning 2,85 7,000 sq mi (7,400,000 square kilometers), which made it one of the leading marine empires in history. The Japan Empire was known mostly for its telecommunication advancement (Black, 2001). The Empire of Japan had a remarkable tally of technological accomplishments, and a remarkably well-equipped military. The army was advanced, but extremely oriental and traditional beyond the rank of other top rated empires. Even though, instead of having bullets, ballistic shells, missiles, warheads and other more straight based weapons, they created hi-tech arms, which armed the Imperial Japanese Forces technical fighting skills needed to defeat any superpower... Empires, Product Lines, Stewart Brand and Kevin Kelly Apple Inc., ever since it started its operation in the 70s, has had a magnificent timeline, which people could consider as a success to the company (Isaacson, 2011). In the 70s, the company produced numerous computing machines such as the Apple I, Apple II, Disk II, which was a driver, and Apple Writer computer software. In the 80s, the firm launched the Apple III computer. It also launched the IB modems, Monitor III, IIA printers, Apple Image writer, Macintosh (128K), AppleColor Composite Monitor and AppleShare Server 1.0. The firm also launched, in the 80s, Macintosh Portable, Apple FDHD SuperDrive and Apple Scanner. In the 90s, the firm launched Macintosh IIfx, Macintosh Classic II, the PowerBook series from 100 to G3, Apple Design Powered Speakers and the Workgroup Server series from 60 to 8550 (Isaacson, 2011). Also, they came up with the Apple Network Server 700/200, eMate 300, Power Macintosh G3 desktop, Power Macintosh G3 minitower, Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, iMac G3, i Book, iMac (slot loading), Cinema Display (22"), as well as the Power Macintosh G4 Graphite. All these were inventions that took place before the new millennium. They were considered as landmark inventions to such a small established company in the field of IT. However, the 2000s has seen the popularity of Apple Inc. rise to another level. The Big-Kids computing world managed to arbitrate between the numerous computational roles, which could not be reconciled in a more direct manner through making the Apple’s materials a must-have item.

The 2010 Annual Report of PSA Peugeot Citroen Essay

The 2010 Annual Report of PSA Peugeot Citroen - Essay Example AMF is the French regulator or the counterpart of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the US. Its role therefore in the development of financial reporting in France would be the same as SEC. It is tasked along with SEC to develop principles on cooperation in the supervision of markets and market participants whose operations cross international borders (Casey, 2010). In the US, SEC adopts the issuance of FASB’s on accounting standards on financial reporting and so with the same reason that AMF will give the legal force by accounting standards set by the standard-setting board in France. The AMF was established with the task of ensuring or protecting public savings invested in financial instruments as well all other investment that would result or metalize in a public offering. It also has supervision of the prepared financial information as conveyed to investors. It has, therefore, is the purpose of effectively promoting the proper running of financial markets. Its contribution to France regulation of these markets extends in European and international level (International Monetary Fund, 2005). The European Union’s Fourth Directive allows four income statements format. Explain the structure of PSA Peugeot Citroen’s income statement on page 204 in terms of the options allowed under the Fourth Directive and IAS 1. In addition to AMF, the European Union’s Fourth Directive can affect how PSA should present is financial report to users. The said directive, in particular, allows four income statements format. Explaining the structure of PSA Peugeot Citroen’s income statement on page 204 in terms of the options allowed under the Fourth Directive and IAS 1 could give an insight how to interpret PSA’ financial statements for 2010. The structure of the company’s income statement on page 204 appears to be consistent with options allowed under Article 25 of the Fourth Directive of the EU (EUR.Lex, 2011). The format under Article 25 starts with turnover, which must be reduced by the cost of sales, to get the gross profit loss.  

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay Example for Free

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay Organizations around the world are continuously recording data and reporting financial information to the used for many purposes by the respective users. A tremendous amount of financial transactions continuously stir in the organizations, some transactions occur each second or minute whereas some transactions are very unique and take place occasionally as a result of a specific event. That is why to bring things in conformity and consistency, it is important that organizations establish standards and procedures for recording their data. In doing so present results will be in a position to be compared with historical data and with entities in similar industry. Listed companies have to particularly follow standard formats and disclose their financial information in such a way that it is easily understood by the users of the financial statements. This is because consistency flows through not just one organization but the entire industry making outcomes easier to contrast. These objectives are being addressed by standard setting boards such as IAASB by setting International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS). Both IFRS and IAS are equal in terms of their value and standing. (Tatum Malcum) All transactions need to be recorded as suggested above. One of the aspects that are a part of recording is financial instruments; created by a legal document and having different monetary values. They can be classified as cash or derivative instruments. Cash type of financial instruments is widely used and can be most easily understood. Currency in itself is a cash instrument or a bank cheque is a good example which can be used to transfer money from one bank account to another. However derivative instruments include those tools such as futures; an instrument saying that the seller will sell the asset or buyer will buy it at a future date. Price of such transactions is determined at the time of entering into a future contract. There are other instruments as well such as options and swaps whereas sometimes stocks, bonds and currency forwards are also termed as financial instruments. (Tatum Malcum) Due to the wide range of financial instruments being used, IAS 39 was introduced by International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) in 2001 to regulate the process of recognition and measurement of such transactions. The organizations dealing with them were facing problems with respect to treatment as different approaches were being applied by entities. This led to inconsistency of disclosing and recording of appropriate amounts within the industry as they were no standard process for recording the financial instruments. This directed the results of entities within the same industry to be incomparable with one another. Many of transactions involving financial instruments remained unrecognized as no proper recognition and measurement processes were known to the accountants. Hence CFO and CEO were in a position to distort the actual results and lead shareholders astray. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) In response to that IAS 39 introduced a concept of fair value accounting. The standard increased the importance of the fair value accounting for the financial instruments and therefore required entities to record assets and liabilities on the face of the balance sheet and discloses the nature of derivatives in the financial statements. In case of hybrids, the structure had to be broken down into two components (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur). This is because hybrid instruments have a mixture of characteristics of both debt and equity thereby market price of the hybrid instrument is sensitive to both the interest rates and quoted price for the stock (Riskglossory. com). The two components of the hybrid contract are real contracts however derivative is separated from the contract to be measured at fair value. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also introduced hedge accounting for all derivatives in order to minimize the volatile affects on the income statement. Further segregation in the standard came into place as the â€Å"intention† of hedging was used to establish which accounting rules will be applied. As a result a fair value hedge, net investment hedge in foreign currency and cash flow hedge accounting rules was launched. In fair value hedging the risks are connected to the fluctuation of fair value of an underlying asset or liability. Whereas cash flow hedges are those in which the exposure is connected to the future cash flows of assets or liabilities recognized or any future commitment or forecasted cash flow of the organization. Moreover, the net investment hedge in foreign currency is hedging the risks of an entity’s net asset which is not an associate, joint venture or a subsidiary. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) Implication of this IAS affected all the users of financial statements and also the people who were trying to comply with the standard. The development of this standard and its implementation had significant impact on the strategies in dealing with financial risks. As the financial instruments have volatile affects on the equity portfolio and income statements these affects were then being countered by engaging in hedging strategies and transparent accounting policies. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also provides organizations with the recognition criteria on how to record hedging instruments when entering into a transaction. After that at each period end gain and loss is recognized on an ongoing basis. So it has a forward looking stance at initiation but a backward bearing when re-assessment of investment’s effectiveness is carried out. The organizations needed to asses which process of reassessment would be right for their investment portfolio. A proper system was therefore required to record and reassess not only cash flows and fair values but also take into account the premiums and discounts involved. Moreover, IAS required the disclosure of all the investments and subsequent gains or loss arising due to it. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) The first revision of the IAS 39 took place in 2004 which incorporated Macro hedging, involving interest rates risks hedge. This amendment was made due to the increase use of these instruments and such investments were not addressed by IAS 39. Macro hedge is an investment technique to reduce or minimize the risks associated with the whole portfolio of investments (Peter Williams). This investments technique was widely spread because of the ease of information available about the interest rate and currency fluctuations between different countries. The macro managers earned by hedging the risks in different market by buying long and short in different markets of the globe. That increasing trend required the correct measurement and recognition of such investment which could only be linked with financial instruments dealt in IAS 39. (Hubpages, Inc. ) Further amendment took place on the issue of initial recognition of financial asset or liabilities and the subsequent charging of gain or loss. Initially all of such instruments were allowed to be measured on fair value if measured reliably. In 2005 the option to value instruments at fair value had been restricted to only those investments which had significantly reduced due to accounting mismatch along with those financial instruments whose fair values were regularly managed evaluated for its correctness. In addition IAS 39 stated before October 2008 that once an instrument is classified on the basis of fair value i. e through profit and loss category, it cannot be reclassified. Amendment in 2008 allowed some of the instruments to be reclassified from fair value and available for sale category under certain conditions and a disclosure is required in case of such a reclassification. Moreover it was stated that all the derivatives need to be reassessed in case of any reclassification; an issue that was developed due to the global credit crunch, significantly affecting the financial market. (Delloitte Touche Tohmatsu) With all the problems and issues dealing with financial instruments IASB and FASB started working together on IFRS 9 to replace IAS 39. Its purpose is to reduce difficulty in accounting for financial instruments and hedging activities. This development took place in phases. Phase one tends to improve and simplify the measurement and classification of the financial instruments. Though this phase has been completed but the exposure draft has been under plan to be issued and the implementation is to be completed in the current year. (International Accounting standard board) This new standard has raising concerns in the world in corporate sectors on how this will be implemented and how it will affect their operations. Many are happy for the change to take place as the IAS 39 is thought to be a difficult standard to implement. The replacement is a result of the world’s economic crises after which all the investors and the regulators of financial institutions were demanding for an accounting system which showed the types of assets and liabilities held at a given time, the risks that they are exposed to and gain and losses expect to be realized. (IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39) In 2008 when Lehman Brothers share price collapsed, the investors in turn rushed to purchase the share prices in anticipation of prices bouncing back. However they couldn’t see the situation of the bank’s exposure in financial instruments related to subprime loans as less information was disclosed for their understanding. Hence it was later suggested that accounting needs to be clearer which became evident upon the fall of many banks. IFRS 9 strived to cater and answer all these major issues in hand while giving organizations an option to adopt this standard before it becomes mandatory in 2013. Only the first phase of the standard is completed and all the stakeholders are waiting to implement it upon finalization of IFRS 9 completion. IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39) IFRS 9 looks to tackle all the current problems and questions probed by various investors but it cannot give a guarantee to prevent any crises in future. It is important that accountants, regulator and the investors remain vigilant because no matter how much IFRS 9 helps to simplify the accounting of financial reporting, when this economy starts its recovery phase no one can stop the development of new financial instruments eluding the situation like before. European Union refused to adopt IFRS 9 last year posing some questions relating to fair value of investments coverage. On the other hand Japan signed it for an early adoption in March 2010 which is a significant step toward promoting transparency in policies and implementation (IFRS 9 – Deconstructing IAS 39). Hence it can be clearly seen that IASB and FASB have been working for the betterment of the society by incorporating the external changes in the market which can be reflected upon the replacement of IAS 39 with IFRS 9.

Nano Reinforced Filaments for Additive Manufacturing

Nano Reinforced Filaments for Additive Manufacturing Nomenclature: Summary: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a popular technique for Additive Manufacturing (AM). FDM is used for fabrication of thermoplastic parts used for rapid prototyping with advantages like low cost and minimal material wastage. The objective of this project report is to understand different properties of reinforced extruded polymer filaments. The process includes the mixing of carbon nanotubes with polymer filament such as PLA and investigating different properties i.e. mechanical properties and use these new filaments for FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) machines. CNT blended polymers are lighter but stronger materials then typical PLA. This new material has outstanding mechanical properties which includes extreme tensile strength and Youngs modulus. The blending of CNT with PLA is shown in this report through microscopy. The experiment includes PLA with different composition i.e. simple PLA,0.1% CNT,0.2% CNT,0.5%CNT and 1%CNT. The tables show the relationship between shear rate and shear viscosity of materials with different compositions achieved through rheology. The rheological behaviour of CNT composite melt was also examined at two different temperatures i.e. 190 °c and 195 °c. The graph represents the This report is going to present the results achieved by MFI (Melt Flow Index) and Rheology to see if the material is stronger than any typical polymer, so that it can be used for Additive Manufacturing. The technology of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is rapidly emerging as alternative to conventional manufacturing techniques. Industry is increasingly looking at it as a means of producing finished articles rather than simply for prototyping. One of the main AM techniques is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in which a polymer filament is melted and progressively extruded to create a 3D plastic part. AT present a relatively small number of polymers may be successfully used with conventional FDM machines and this is limiting the ability of the process to expand into new markets. 1.1. Additive Manufacturing: Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to a group of emerging technologies that create objects from the bottom-up by adding material one cross-sectional layer at a time. [[i]] A three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape can be manufactured from a digital model. The adaptation of such a technology will result in engineers having to invest less time dealing with manufacturing constrains and will give them almost unlimited design freedom. However, up to now, despite all positive aspects, no single 3D printer has been able to print using different materials. Additionally, while various materials can be used in AM, their material properties, such as strength, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity typically have inferior properties compared with conventionally manufactured counterparts due to the anisotropy caused by the layer-by-layer approach. Many studies have reported on the incorporation of nanoparticles for the creation of new printing materials for AM. Metal nanoparticles [ii]], Nano-sized carbon black powder [iii]], carbon nanotubesand ceramic nanoparticles have been used in the past. Manufacturers across different industries are utilizing this digital manufacturing procedure to create a range of items, including: motor parts for car applications, impellers and blades for aviation use, design less sand moulds for pumps utilized as a part of the oil and energy industry, and medical prosthetics which require effectively versatile design adjustments. 1.2. Carbon Nano-Tubes: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) take the form of tube shaped carbon atoms and have novel properties that make them potentially valuable in a wide variety of utilizations in nanotechnology, hardware, optics, and different fields of materials science. They show exceptional quality and one of a kind electrical properties, and are good conductors. Inorganic nanotubes have also been combined. Manufacturing a nanotube is subject to applied quantum science, particularly, orbital hybridization. Nanotubes are composed altogether out of sp2 bonds, like those of graphite. This holding structure, stronger than the sp3 bonds found in diamond, gives the atoms their exceptional quality. Nanotubes adjust themselves into ropes held together by Van der Waals forces. Under extreme pressure, nanotubes can combine, exchanging some sp2 bonds for sp3 bonds, giving incredible probability for creating solid, unlimited-length wires through high-weight nanotube association. [iv] Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a tube-shaped nanostructure. Nanotubes have been developed with length-to-distance across proportion of up to 132,000,000:1, fundamentally bigger than for any other material. These round and hollow carbon atoms have abnormal properties, which are invaluable for nanotechnology, gadgets, optics and different fields of materials science and innovation. Specifically, owing to their unprecedented thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as added substances to various structural materials. For example, nanotubes form a tiny bit of the material(s) in a few (basically carbon fibre), golf clubs, or auto parts. [v] Nanotubes are classified as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). Singular nanotubes normally adjust themselves into ropes held together by van der Waals strengths, more particularly, pi-stacking. The theoretical concentration of carbon nanotubes required to reach the electrical percolation threshold for a CNT/Polymer composite can be obtained, as a first step, using the power law: where à Ã†â€™ is the electrical conductivity, à Ã¢â‚¬   is the MWCNT volume concentration in the nanocomposite, is the critical MWCNT volume concentration at electrical percolation, and ÃŽÂ ± is a critical exponent. [vi] The aim of this project is to investigate the use of carbon-nanotubes (CVTs) as a reinforcement in the extruded polymer filaments used in FDM. The intention is to create a new polymer nanocomposite blends that will enable parts produced by FDM to have wider ranges of properties. CNTs have the potential to significantly enhance mechanical properties without significantly increasing the viscosity of the polymer melt and the ease of production of filament and its performance in FDM. Objectives: The primary objective is to find the MFI (Melt Flow Index), the rheological properties of different CNT compositions. The MFI and Rheology tests should show the melt flow index, viscosity and shear rate. With the help of the these tests the viscoelastic properties can determine the mechanical performance of the final products. The results will show how adding carbon Nano-tubes in thermoplastics can change its mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength and youngs modulus. 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is any of different processes for making a three-dimensional object of any shape from a 3D display or other electronic information source fundamentally through additive processes in which progressive layers of material are set down under PC control. Early AM hardware and materials were created in the 1980s. In 1984, a procedure created known as stereo lithography employing UV lasers to cure photopolymers by Chuck Hull of 3D Systems Corp. Hull created the STL file format, which is widely acknowledged by 3D printing programming. Metal sintering types of Additive Manufacturing were being created, (for example, specific laser sintering and coordinate metal laser sintering), although they were not yet called 3D printing during 1980s. In 1990, the plastic extrusion innovation most broadly connected with the expression 3D printing was marketed by Stratasys under the name Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). [vii] Originally created at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. 3D printing innovation frames the basis of Z Corporations prototyping procedure. 3D physical models are created by 3DP technology by setting layers of powder deposition utilizing a fluid binder. 3DP technology is versatile and fast processing geometry of extreme complexities in numerous applications, which support different types of material. Z Corp. pioneered the 3DP innovation creating 3D printers that manufacturers use to introduce early concept models and prototypes. Using 3DP innovation, Z Corp. has created 3D printers that work at extraordinary rates, amazingly low expenses, and inside an expansive scope of uses. Additive Manufacturing innovations discovered applications beginning in the 1980s in product improvement, information representation, manufacturing and rapid prototyping Their expansion into generation (job production, large scale manufacturing, and manufacturing) has been being worked on in the decades since. Modern production roles within the metalworking businesses accomplished noteworthy scale without precedent for the early 2010s. [viii] Besides all the advantages of Additive Manufacturing, it has also some disadvantages which includes its slow building rates as printers lay down material at speed of one to five cubic metre per second, parts can only be printed one at a time which can prevent economics of scale and higher production costs. [ix] Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is a technology which is based on layers of strands of semi molten thermoplastics placed on top of each other in a 3-dimentional shape. FDM is a developing technology which is currently used in rapid prototyping and manufacturing. FDM is commonly known as an additive process, which is made by expelling material into layers which are controlled by a PC to form the final shape. Some FDM machines permit the client to control different parts of the layering procedure, for example, layer thickness, air hole between extrusions, angles of contour, and extrusion width. These straightforwardly affect the last shapes mass, thickness, quality, solidness and penetrability. [x] AM is creating to meet the demands for sturdy new parts, which need to comply with specific mechanical and design requirement. Along thermal properties, new printing materials must have appropriate rheological and thermal properties to be ready to be extruded and solidify while keeping up the exactness of successive layers. The utilization of polymers in additive manufacturing are represented by the transition of glass temperature, malt viscosity, heat capacity and the shear stress of the material. Understanding the relationship between the basic properties will help in the improvement of advanced printing materials and filaments. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the temperature beneath which the polymer gets to be weak and hard like glass. The glass transition temperature is not the melting point, that is characterized by the temperature at which crystalline or semi-crystalline polymers transform from its crystal structure to its liquid state. Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable and low toxicity thermoplastic which is made up of lactide or lactic acid monomers. Poly (vinyl acetate) PVA is also a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer which is synthesized by the hydrolysis poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) because of tits instability of vinyl alcohol monomer. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is polymerized from caprolactone monomer. PCL is hydrophobic in nature and is soluble in chloroform, which biodegrades in the presence of microorganisms. [xi] Figure 1: PLA, PVA and PCL [xii] 3DXTech is a company that provides filaments containing carbon nanotubes. Their 3DXNano  ESD ABS filaments (containing MWCNTs) are available with diameters of 1.75 mm and  2.85 mm. The filament is tailored toward applications that require electrostatic discharge  (ESD). The filament is produced using MG-94 Premium ABS and mixed with MWCNTs, and  process/dispersion modifiers. Nanocyl are one of the worldwide leading experts in CNT based materials, producing research  and industry grade carbon nanotubes. One of their product lines, PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, is a collection  of carbon nanotubes, thermoplastic concentrates for applications requiring electrical conductivity  with good mechanical properties. Current Progress of their Polymer Composites and are available in a diverse range of thermoplastic resins, including PC, PP, PA, PET, HDPE, and others. Although these enhanced thermoplastics were not specifically aimed at the FDM sector, they have a formulation that makes them applicable, subject to the temperature range of the extruder. PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ can be used in many applications and a surface resistivity range of 1-1012 ÃŽÂ ©, and the typical loading for static dissipative applications are around 2-3% of CNTs in the final compound. [xiii] A table shows some of the commercially available carbon nanotube based materials. Table 1: Companies that provide filaments and pellets containing carbon nanotubes. Company Product 3DXTech 3DXNanoà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ESD ABS + Carbon Nanotube Filament 3DXNanoà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ESD PETG + Carbon Nanotube Filament Functionalize F-Electric Functionalize F-Electric filament (PLA Carbon Nanotube) Filabot MWCNT1 Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Pellets Cheap Tubes Inc. Carbon Nanotube Masterbatches CNT-ABS-10 Nanocyl PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ABS 1501* PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ HIPS 1001 PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ PC 1501 PLASTICYLà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ PP 2001 Design of Experiment: As it can be understood, the strength of polymer composites is improved due to the amount of carbon nanotubes added in with PLA. For this research, different compositions of CNT polymer are tested at two temperatures i.e. 190 °C and 195 °C. The set of experiments decided for this research were MFI (Melt Flow Index), Rheology and Microscopy. MFI (Melt Flow Index): ISO 1133-1:2011 governs the procedure for the measurement of the melt flow rate. [xiv]] MFI (Melt Flow Index) is a measure of the ease of the melt flow of thermoplastic polymers. It is defined as mass of polymer, in grams, which is flowing through a tube of specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via specific weight. (A.V. Shenoy D, R. Saini 1986). It is an indirect method of measuring molecular weight, with respect to melt flow. MFI is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the melted polymer, [xv]] as the viscosity depends on the specific weight applied. In this test granules of the specimens are packed into a barrel at the bottom of which there is a 2.0955mm diameter 8mm long die. The polymer is heated for a specific period and then the amount, which flows through the die during a specifies time and under a specific mass, is measured. Melt Flow rate used for PLA and CNT are measured at 190 °C and 195 °C. MFI test is a single point test, which only show s a single value on shear rate vs. Viscosity graph. Rheology: The study of polymer rheology testing is to investigate how the stresses in polymers or the applied force is related to the deformation of polymer and its flow. The science of rheology itself is quite complex, however, the rheograms produced by this technique are useful in determining the effect on melt viscosity of temperature. Capillary rheometer consists of a barrel which is temperature controlled incorporating two bores of different diameters. During the polymer melt, the pressure applied through the dies is recorded. [xvi]] The understanding of polymer rheology through laboratory testing can help see the presence of liquid-like behaviour which depends on the applies load. The information collected through rheology can help optimise the material for FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling). As the melt flow depends on the viscosity of the material. The tests are performed when the polymer is going through melt phase. Microscopy: Microscopy is a field of using microscope which helps in viewing objects and areas which cannot be seen through naked eye. The analysis of microscopy provides a mean to study and characterize the micro and Nano-structural features of polymers. [xvii]] In this experiment, an optical microscope is used to observe the structure and chemical composition of CNT with PLA. Microscopy of CNT compositions are compared with simple PLA material. Because of the microscopy, the porosities and blending of polymers can be seen. The technique can be helpful in determination of the causes of failure. Methodology: Figure2: Twin Screw Haake Extruder [xviii] MFI (Melt Flow Index): After turning on the Kayeness Galaxy Melt Flow Indexer a die of 2.0955mm was dropped into the bottom of the barrel. A melt time was set up at 360 seconds and number of cuts as well. In this experiment the number of cuts were 3. Temperature was first set at 190 °C. Once the barrel reached the temperature, the granules of 0.1% CNT + PLA were poured into the barrel periodically packing with the tamping tool to remove the trapped air. Piston was placed into the barrel and a weight of 2160g was placed. In accordance with ASTM D1238-95. Note: Piston rod weighs 100g and this was taken into the account. After the program started the piston starts to drop. High polymers are required a plug to prevent run-out of the polymer during polymer melt period. After melting time was over, Run button was pressed and the extrudate was cut simultaneously across the orifice face. A timer counts the test time on the front panel; it will bleep when it is nearing the end of the melt time. As the number of cuts were 3, step 6 was repeated two more times. The extrudates obtained were then weighed and recorded for finding the value of MFI (Melt Flow Index). Once all the material was purged from the barrel, it was then cleaned with cotton swatches and bronze brush. To get the MFI value of 0.2%,0.5%,1% and 100% PLA, the procedure was repeated for every composition. Another set of values were also obtained at 195 °C by repeating the experiment. The MFI machine used for the experiment is shown below. Results: Table 1: Results from MFI (Melt Flow Index) at 190 °C Compositions Temperature ( °C) Specific Weight (g) Reading 1 (g) Reading 2 (g) Reading 3 (g) Average (g) MFI (g/10 min) [average*10] 100% PLA 190 2160 0.1163 0.1169 0.1185 0.1172 1.172 0.1% CNT+PLA 190 2160 0.1222 0.122 0.1219 0.122 1.22 0.2% CNT+PLA 190 2160 0.1196 0.123 0.1213 0.1213 1.21 0.5% CNT+PLA 190 2160 0.1181 0.1193 0.1161 0.1178 1.16 1% CNT+PLA 190 2160 0.1082 0.1082 0.109 0.1085 1.09 Table 2: Results from MFI (Melt Flow Index) at 195 °C Compositions Temperature ( °C) Specific Weight (g) Reading 1 (g) Reading 2 (g) Reading 3 (g) Average (g) MFI (g/10 min) [average*10] 0.1% CNT+PLA 195 2160 0.158 0.1622 0.1636 0.1612 1.613 0.2% CNT+PLA 195 2160 0.1708 0.167 0.1641 0.1673 1.673 0.5% CNT+PLA 195 2160 0.1534 0.1507 0.1628 0.1556 1.556 1% CNT+PLA 195 2160 0.132 0.1304 0.1322 0.1315 1.315 [i] Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, 2010, ASTM International West Conshohocken,PA., Available at: (Accessed: 09/11/2016) [ii] Crane, N.B., Wilkes, J., Sachs, E. and Allen, S.M., Improving accuracy of powder-based SFF processes by metaldeposition from a nanoparticle dispersion, Rapid Prototyping J., 12, 266-274 , Available at: (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [iii] Athreya, S.R., Kalaitzidou, K. and Das, S., Processing and characterization of a carbon black-filled electricallyconductive nylon-12 nanocomposites produced by selective laser sintering. Material Science Engng. A, 527, 2637-2642, Available at: (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [iv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube, Available at: www.wikipedia.org(Accessed: 09/11/2016). [v] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube, Available at: www.wikipedia.org(Accessed: 09/11/2016). [vi] http://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-current-progress-of-their-polymer-composites, Available at: www.intechopen.com (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [vii] http://www.slideshare.net/arjunrtvm/seminar-fair-report?qid=309c4d95-7e77-4f42-bb10-b747514d9a15v=b=from_search=1, Available at: www.slideshare.net(Accessed: 09/11/2016). [viii] http://www.slideshare.net/arjunrtvm/seminar-fair-report?qid=309c4d95-7e77-4f42-bb10-b747514d9a15v=b=from_search=1, Available at: www.slideshare.net(Accessed: 09/11/2016). [ix] http://compositesmanufacturingmagazine.com/2014/10/pros-cons-additive-manufacturing/2/, Available at: (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [x] httpsetd.ohiolink.edu!etd.send_fileaccession=osu1396441215disposition=inline,Available at: (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [xi] http://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-currentprogress- of-their-polymer-composites, Available at: www.intechopen.com (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [xii] http://www.google.com/patents/US20130210959 (Acessed: 09/10/2016). [xiii] http://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon-nanotubes-currentprogress- of-their-polymer-composites, Available at: www.intechopen.com (Accessed: 09/11/2016). [xiv] ISO Standard, Available at: https://www.iso.org/standard/44273.html (Accessed: 20/02/2017). [xv] MFI (Melt Flow Index), Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_flow_index (Accessed: 20/02/2017) [xvi] Rheology, Available at: http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2795 (Accessed: 20/02/2017). [xvii] Microscopy, Available at: http://www.intertek.com/polymers/microscopy/ (Accessed: 20/02/2017). [xviii] Extruder, Available at: http://www.rheologysolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ts_polylab_extruder_twin1.jpg (Accessed: 20/02/2017).

Abortion :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every year in the United States 25% of all pregnancies results in an abortion, this adds up to over a million abortions a year. This clearly illustrates that there is problem of over aborting innocent fetuses in our society. I am a firm believer that abortion should be restricted, to minimize its use. I believe that our current society is using abortion as a form of contraceptive. I believe abortion does have its place, and should not be banned altogether. However I do believe when it is used form of birth control that it is being used incorrectly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When examining the issue of abortion there are many questions to consider. What if the mother wants the baby, and the father doesn’t? What if the father wants the baby and the mother doesn’t? What if the decision is made to abort the fetus in the first trimester as opposed to the second or third trimesters? What if the mother was impregnated by an act of rape? What if going on with the pregnancy could cause harm to mother? All of these questions raised are touchy issues. All of these questions bring up good points for both sides of this debate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people who are â€Å"pro choice† claim that the mother has a right to privacy, and to deny them the decision to abort is going against this right. They believe that since this decision affects the women’s body, that this should be her private business. I really don’t like this argument. I believe that the right to privacy no longer exists when the decision effects more than the person involved in the decision. When a woman makes the decision to have an abortion it affects many people involved, rather than just the mother. The father is also greatly affected by this decision. The father should have equal say in this decision making process. In any case that the father wants to keep the child, the woman should not have the right to abort. This theory work both ways, if the mother wants to keep on with the pregnancy and the father wants to terminate it, by no means should the mother have to grant the father his wishes. I think John Stuart Mi ll’s harm principle supports my argument. Mill’s principle believes that a person has a right to do whatever they choose as long as they cause no harm, or the potential of harm to others.

Eve’s Ribcage :: Essays Papers

Eve’s Ribcage Eve’s bedroom was the only place in the world that Josh felt comfortable. The bare and slightly yellowed walls held a certain mysterious wonder for him. The key to the room’s beauty lay in its bareness and simplicity, like old Mexican monasteries with terra cotta tiling on the roof. Josh preferred to keep the lights off and the blinds cracked so that the afternoon filtered in through the window, making thin picturesque rays of light. They painted Eve’s body in long soft strips of sun. When she reclined on her side in the way that she did it reminded him of those nature documentaries that film a lioness lying around in tall grass all day, waiting for dumb animals with long legs to run by and get killed. She was all taut muscle under brown skin accented with bold shadows, a delicate but solid frame slowly rising and falling with each breath. Eve’s feral qualities manifested themselves in her face especially. That strange expression she had: a mixture of pain and pride, boredom and beauty. Her face was always beautiful, no matter what expression she chose to wear. Her sad almond eyes would stare through Josh and beyond into deeper things. This made him want to ask her what she was thinking about, but he rarely ever did. April’s answers never shed light on the mystery of her melancholy and oftentimes they seemed to push him further away. Now she lies with her back facing him, the contour of her naked body a soft watercolor landscape of hills and valleys. He feels like a tourist lying beside her for the last hour or so; absorbing her, analyzing her, thinking about her. She gazes into heaven and talks to the angels while he lies beside her and marvels like a man who has at last reached the end of a long holy pilgrimage. Share my world Don’t you leave Promise I’ll be here Whenever you need me near†¦ Mary J. Blige croaks out her sultry ballad softly in the background. â€Å"Eve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her name echoes and makes him feel he as a separate entity all the more acutely. â€Å"You okay?

How cell phones changed todays society Essay

How cellphones effect people everyday lives today? Cellphones play a bid role in today’s society as many would concur. From when someone wakes up in the morning they instantly checks their profile, messages, or missed calls. Cellphones make it easier to communicate with each other even if there’s a lot of distance between them. They made it to where if someone in Georgia want to talk to someone in New York anytime, then they could without haven to drive or fly to the other destination to. In order to keep the cellphones in business and effective they made different companies, that advertise, sale, keep in order, and produce the product. So to keep the business around each company tries to make the best deals for single and family purposes. They also build more signal towers all around the world to produce more signal than another company, to promise better service. They advertise the company on TV by commercials, on the internet with web site, on the streets with flyer or poster. They also advertise by saying they got the best by comparing there produce or services to others. Other ways like most of today’s phone are high quality with best games, internet, music, and communication. So when someone gets bored the first thing they do is pick up a phone. Most of some people’s day is spent on a cellphone. People now a days are on their phones extremely too much, missing the beauty of life. Not going out doing things hands on, they rather be sucked into cyber life or social media. Researchers found the radiofrequency field generated by your cell phone causes brain tissue to heat up. This proves your brain is absorbing radiation from your cell, study author David Gultekin, Ph.D., a researcher at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, tells MensHealth.com. Ten studies connect cell phone radiation  to diminished sperm count and sperm damage. Others raise health concerns such as altered brain metabolism, sleep disturbance and behavioral changes in children. That’s why I did research and found a case that can reduce radiation exposure. One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phone is the fact that we do not talk to strangers when traveling anymore. In the past, several people waiting for a bus would engage in a conversation while they were waiting. People who traveled the same routes every day might develop friendships along the way. This situation does not happen anymore. Today when people are waiting for a bus, they just pull out their cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out on the opportunity to make new ones. In large cities, many people do not know their neighbors, even though they may have lived in the same neighborhood for years. As a society, we are beginning to lose the face-to-face contact that was such an important part of our lives in the past. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. You should remember, however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around you.

Functional Assessments and Intervention Strategies Essay

Dewolfe (1997) discusses the relevant points on the book written by Reichle and Wacker (1997) about the effective approaches in terms of assessing challenging behaviors; and what are the intervention strategies that could be employed in order to decrease the risks for the development of a challenging behavior. According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as â€Å"home, school and local community† (para 2). Also, another key factor that must be kept in mind with regards to changing children’s challenging behavior is the idea that when one wants to change a behavior of a particular child, it necessarily follows, that the behavior of those people around her should also be changed. Effective interventions are also very relevant most specially the rate, quality and the effort that is given on the reinforcement (para 3). Reichle and Wacker (1997) also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). Such a type of intervention should be followed by a functional assessment that should be able to understand the child very well. In effect of this, what will one have is a communication based approach that perfectly matches the need of the child. The facilitation of an intervention program has been emphasized by Reichle and Wacker (1997) has to be conducted in natural settings. As such, the traditional notion that interventions should be normally done in clinics are no longer that patronized. Discussion The rate in which challenging behavior has been increasing now a days is understandable. On the advent of the 21st century where everything is in set to be in fast paced, most parents tend to forgot their responsibility to their children. On the first part of this paper, the author was able to enumerate the different causes and various risk factors of challenging behavior. In a nutshell, one could see that majority of the causes stem out because the mother fails to take care of her child during the prenatal stage and even during the early years of the child. Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) emphasized the necessity of early intervention during childhood in order to prevent the development of challenging behavior. In addition with this, the perception that problematic behaviors among toddlers and preschool-age children should not be dismissed as mere effects of his or her development stage. Rather, parents should be vigilant to see the patterns and the rate in which challenging behaviors occur and significantly think of a plan in order to address such a problem. The case of June is a good example on how a child develops challenging behavior during her life. June is perceived to be raised in a broken family. It could be implied that the source of family income is solely shouldered by her mother, hence leaving her and her siblings with small amount of time. In addition with this, the fact that June has two other siblings that her mother have to take care and worry about, further decreases the chance that June could be given appropriate attention and guidance. It is clear from the history of June and her other siblings that they somehow share the same patterns of behavior. Although the author could not completely distinguish if such is the result of how they are reared or maybe how did their mother take care of herself during pregnancy; but it could be seen that such a pattern of behavior is clearly evident to be existing within her family circle. The manner in which June was assessed, intervened and treated in her school could be seen as one of the most effective steps in which one could deal with challenging behavior. The team used a Communications Based Intervention (Reichle and Wacker (1997) in order to deal with the problem. One could recall that the manner in which the teacher talked to June allowed her to express her feelings and also allowed her to tell stories that upset her within the family and also within the school. In addition with this, the assessments that were made to June are done in a natural environment, such as her school. It could be recalled that various attempts are also made by June’s residential and community program placements, but such proves to be null. As such, the author perceived that the assessment at the school, wherein June spends mostly her time is a very effective approach because not only that she will be able to properly relate with her peers, such an approach will also pave the way for more understanding and willingness to support among her teachers. Reicle and Wacker (1997) emphasized the need of other people to also change their behaviors if they wanted to help a child with challenging behavior. It could be significantly noted that Laursen (2005) claimed that the team that is taking care and assisting June has also made an effort to make her educators understand the depth of her problem and how their support could help her to overcome her challenging behavior. In relation with this, the author wanted to introduce the notion of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) of Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) in order to change challenging behaviors among children. The PBS is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the child’s care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior. The ISP model revolves on two major steps which is the functional assessment and the person centered planning. The functional assessment focuses on accumulating detailed information about the child’s behavior, activities, and other contexts that could be helpful for the family, taking into consideration the cause and effects of a particular behavior. Consequently, the person-centered planning centers on the expression of the child’s dreams and other challenges that the child perceived to have within his or her family. After such, a behavior support plan will be created which is perfectly in accordance to the specific needs of the child.

Effective Leadership Essay

Being an effective leader means learning who you are and what you stand for, and having the courage to act on your values. Moral leadership is quite similar to the concept of servant leadership in that the emphasis and the reward are based in doing for others. A leader serves using an ethical foundation which is then adapted and acted on by followers within the organization. Moral leadership describes how leaders make decisions according to beliefs about right and wrong. A system of morals, or beliefs, is also very personal to leaders. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., displayed courage and moral leadership; Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the eldest son of Martin Luther King Sr., a Baptist minister and Alberta Williams King. King attended local segregated public school. He entered Morehouse College at the age of 15 and graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology in 1948. After graduating with honors from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania in 1951, he went to Boston University where he earned a doctoral degree in systematic theology in 1955. Throughout his education, King was exposed to influences that related Christian theology to the struggles of oppressed people. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., operated on moral leadership, distinguishing right from wrong and doing right, seeking the just, the honest, the good, and the right conduct in achieving goals and fulfilling purpose. In May of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference staff escalated anti-segregation marches in Birmingham by encouraging teenagers and school children to join. Hundreds of singing children filled the streets of downtown Birmingham, angering Sheriff Bull Connor, who sent police officers with attack dogs and firefighters with high-pressure water hoses against the marchers. Scenes of young protesters being attacked by dogs and pinned against buildings by torrents of water from fire hoses were shown in newspapers and television around the world. During the demonstration, King was arrested and sent to jail. He wrote a letter from his jail cell to local clergymen who had criticized him for creating disorder in the city. His â€Å"Letter from Birmingham City Jail† which argued that individuals had the moral right and responsibility to disobey unjust laws, was widely read at the time and added to King’s standing as a moral leader. The demonstration forced white leaders to negotiate and end some form of segregation in Birmingham. Even more important, the protest encouraged many Americans to support national legislation against segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders organized the 1963 March on Washington, a massive protest in Washington, D.C, for jobs and civil rights. On August 28, 1963, King delivered the keynote address to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters. His â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech expressed the hopes of the Civil Rights Movement in oratory as moving as any in American history: â€Å" I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: â€Å" We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. â€Å" I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character†. The speech and the march built on the Birmingham demonstration to create the political momentum that resulted in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited segregation in public accommodations, as well as discrimination in education and employment. As a result of King’s effectiveness as a leader of the American Civil rights Movement and his highly visible moral and courage stance he was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for peace.

Brown Mackie versus Ivy Tech Essay

Brown Mackie College is better than Ivy Tech in some aspects; this is also reversed for other aspects. Depending on what you are looking for from either school will help to determine which school placement will be the best fit for you. This paper will compare and contrast on these two schools business management programs from its different aspects. Brown Mackie College Business Management Program Options Brown Mackie, (2012) â€Å"If you’re tech savvy and have always had a mind for business, the Business and Technology programs at Brown Mackie College can help you to prepare for a career.† Brown Mackie offers a much wider variety of programs in the field of business management than does Ivy Tech. With twenty-eight different business programs, Brown Mackie has something to offer to anyone seeking a degree in the business field. Some of the programs in business that Brown Mackie offers includes, but are not limited to, Accounting, Audio/ Video Technician, Bioscience Laboratory Technology, Computer Networking, Electronics, Bookkeeping Specialist, Business Administration, Office Management, Graphic Design, and of course Business Management. The business management programs are offered in twenty-eight out of thirty locations nationwide. The Cost for This Program According to Brown Mackie, (2012) website for an Associate of Applied Science in Business Management, â€Å"The institution cost for this program for a full-time student completing the entire program on time,† are as follows; books and digital resources: $0; program fees: $2000; room and board: $0; tuition: $28260. Brown Mackie, (2012) also noted, â€Å"All tuition and fees are subject to change.† The financing options available to pay for this program are as follows; according to Brown Mackie, (2012) â€Å"In addition to any grant and scholarship aid for which they are eligible, ninety-five percent of graduates used loans to finance their education. The median debt for program graduates: Federal Loans: $20966; Private Educational Loans: $0; Institutional Financing plan: $40.† Time Completion Although there are many factors to the time it takes to complete this program, for example, was the student in attendance full-time or part-time, did the student transfer into the program with prior approved credits, was the student required to take remedial courses, did the student fail or withdraw from courses, and these can all effect the rate of completion. Brown Mackie, (2012) reports, â€Å"The program could take as little as twenty-two months to complete. Seventy-one percent of graduates from this program finished in this time.† Post Graduate Employment Brown Mackie currently has no data available on their site for the percentage of students that find employment in their field or related fields. However, Brown Mackie, (2012) implies that, â€Å"information on this topic may be obtained by speaking with an admissions representative.† Ivy Tech Business Management Program Options Ivy Tech remains within the state of Indiana only, offering fourteen locations for attendance. Ivy Tech, (2012) states, â€Å"Ivy Tech Community College offers more than one hundred and fifty programs and concentrations statewide.† However, their site only reports eight options in the School of Business program. These programs include Accounting, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, Computer Information Technology, Computer Science, Information Security, Office Administration, and Transportation, Distribution & Logistics. The Cost for This Program Although Ivy Tech does not offer a Business Management program, I will offer comparable cost information from their Business Administration field. Ivy Tech, (2012) reports, â€Å"Face-to-Face classes: for Indiana residents: $111.15 per credit hour; Out-of-State: $239.40 per credit hour.† This report is just for time spent in the classroom. Ivy Tech, (2012) gives further quotes for online courses, â€Å"Ivy Tech Online classes: for Indiana residents: $111.15 per credit hour + Online course fee of $20 per credit hour; Out-of-State: $144.50 per credit hour + Online course fee of $20 per credit hour.† Other expenses that will be incurred are reported by Ivy Tech, (2012) as follows: â€Å"Consumable fees apply for some programs and courses; Technology Fee: $60 per semester; Books and Supplies: cost average is $39.23 per credit hour (based on an average of thirteen credit hours per semester).† Ivy Tech, (2012) also notes, â€Å"Many types of financial aid are available, such as grants, scholarships and student loans.† Time Completion As with other colleges, an average is the best that can be offered for time completion. Ivy Tech is not an exception to this rule. Most courses require sixty-four credit hours for completion. Ivy Tech allots an average of thirteen credit hours to a course semester. Ivy Tech’s semesters are three months long. Post Graduate Employment No information is given as to what percent, if any, post graduates find gainful employment in their fields, or related fields, of study through Ivy Tech.

Fret and Regret

Case-1 Fret and Regret 1. Explain in detail using concepts from the course what the problem Ian is faced with. Ian has 2 major problems; he doesnt want to use Iphone 4S instead of Galaxy S2 and he doenst want to broke Molly’s heart. First problem is about his personal taste and desires. Ian thinks that with Galaxy S2 he can benefit from extra technological advantages such as 4g, extra storage and computer remote contrale. This shows that in Ian’s opinion Galaxy S2 has better quality rather than Iphone 4S. Another reason about Ian’s preferance is Galaxy S2 has bigger screen.So in his opinion Galaxy S2 is more succesfull than Iphone about designing. In terms of technology and design Galaxy S2 seems more attractive to Ian. The fact is that these two smart phones both have comparative advantages to each other and price is the same. At this point, personal taste becomes important and that is why Ian prefers Galaxy S2. Second problem is about ethics. Molly bought expen sive, usefull and one of the best smart phones; Iphone 4S to make Ian happy. She sacrifised her money and time in order to give perfect present. So if Ian exchanges the phone that would make her sad and her efforts would be in vain. . Should Ian change the phone or keep the phone? Again use as many concepts from the course as are relevant. Ian’s consumer behaviour depends on; brand, his personality, his girlfriend and technology. According to the case if he only considers brand and technology his choice would be Galaxy S2 for sure. But if he considers all of these points and gathers more information, rational choice would be Iphone 4S. For that reason Ian should keep the phone. He didnt give Iphone 4S enough credit and he admitted that he has distaste for apple products; proof of prejudice.Also Ian didnt do enough market research so he has some wrong informations about Iphone 4S’s technology. You can have computer remote apps and extra storage options unlike Ianâ€℠¢s claims. Before buying new products, awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption should be the process. Ian skipped trial and evaluation parts and only paid attention to interest. While purchasing expensive and to be used for a long time products these steps shouldnt skip. Bigger screen and some extra features directed him to want Galaxy S2. But he also stated that these phones are identical in terms of functionality.Ian realised he needs a phone and briefly searched for Galaxy S2. He was in the second step of the buyer decision process. He should have asked his Iphone 4S and Galaxy S2 user friends, get more information and try Galaxy S2 before making final decision. Since there is no time left for evaluating alternatives, he should keep Iphone 4S and doesnt make sad Molly. If he exchanges the phone he might regret from Galaxy S2 and also broke his girlfriends heart. So instead of taking those risks, he should continue with the phone which he started to get used to.

Dividend policy at Linear technology Case Study

Dividend policy at Linear technology - Case Study Example The paper tells that Linear technology has used all four types of dividend distributions. The company has used stock splits four times since its initial public offer (IPO) in 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2000, each of which has been 2 for 1 split. The company has also had share purchases every year since 1993 and every year thereafter except in 2000. Most of these share repurchases were done in 2002 and 2003. The dividend policy that Linear Technology chooses at a particular point in time will depend on a number of factors. These factors include the signal it wants to send to its shareholders, the need for funds to invest in new projects, the type of shareholders that the firm has, and the amount of cash the firm has at its disposal. The method of dividend payment should also depend on the tax implications. Linear Technology does not appear to be investing in any new projects. The figures also indicate that research and development expenses have declined since it reached its peak in 2001. Th is signifies that the company has to a certain extent run out of ideas. It is therefore sending the wrong signal to its shareholders who may believe that the company’s growth prospects are good. The only technology company that showed signs of consistent growth over the period has been Microsoft. Linear seems to be totally focused on satisfying shareholders in terms of dividend payouts and maintaining a positive cash flow. There is no mention of any new projects or initiatives to grow the business. If Linear Technology wants to grow it could obtain a loan easily because the company does not currently have any debts. Furthermore, interest on corporate debt is tax exempt and the interest rate on AAA rated corporate debt has fallen every year since 1995. This may help to increase the value of the company and also increase the returns on shareholders funds. An advantage of using debt to fund growth is that interest paid on loans is allowable as a deduction for tax purposes while a dividend is not. Funding Requirements Linear technology desires to have sufficient cash flows so that the company can withstand any financial crisis. The company however, has the capacity to obtain debt. Linear technology manages it payroll expenses by issuing stock options to compensate employees. Therefore, when the company does well employees receive a higher profit share and so the company is able to maintain a positive cash flow as well as pay out dividends on a quarterly basis. Available Resources The company has a significant amount of cash available and this can be backed up with its capacity to borrow. Linear currently has over $1.5m in cash and short term investments. This may not however, be sufficient to finance a major project but would become useful in the company’s bid to obtain a loan as it would provide a cushion in the event that the company is not able to pay interest expenses out of regular earnings. Costs and Benefits of Retaining Excess Funds Retaining excess funds can result in agency costs. Managers may be tempted to pay themselves excessively. It is more likely that they may not exercise care in the use of such funds since the pressures that normally arise from having limited funds do not exist. This lead to a waste of funds that could have been used to pay dividends. The benefits of retaining

Stem Cell Reserch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stem Cell Reserch - Essay Example These questions are fundamental to our social values and say a lot about the way we think about life. Indeed, I often think about such things. But one important difference between stem cells and abortion is that stem cells have the possibility of extending and improving life. Unlike the abortion issue, the stem cell issue is not a zero-sum gain. Whether or not you believe using an embryonic stem cell for research purposes is destroying a potential life, you must admit that it is opening up the possibility for someone else to live longer or better. That makes this issue more nuanced. Indeed, when all the fact are in about stem cells, it is very hard for someone to believe research involving them should be banned. Stem cells offer some of the substantial and important possibilities in the fields of medical science open to us today. I believe we must seize this opportunity. The world today is more complicated than ever. In part this is because we know more about it than ever before and technology has dramatically shaped our world views. Certain moral questions have exploded in recent years because of the way technology is changing the moral dimensions of our lives. We can now see foetuses in the womb using ultrasound technology and can tell a lot about them and their health early on. We now know that there are certain cells inside the body—called stem cells—that are effectively the building blocks for many different cells. They can become a fetus, they can become a brain cell, or, for example, they can become a skin cell. With the right type of manipulation—something scientists are becoming increasingly proficient at—it may be possible for many previously incurable diseases to be dealt with. There are also great possibilities involving the generation of organs for transplant, among a myriad of other good news stories. Many d egenerative

BRAHMS REQUIEM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BRAHMS REQUIEM - Assignment Example He had filled the workplace of Meister. The courts and rear ways of the poor quarter in which he existed were continually resonating with the tunes of youngsters, in which he joined generously, with his high soprano voice. He was a fun loving, Normal sprightly kid, sound and ordinary youngster. There was never any uncertainty as to his turning into an artist. From promptly adolescence he took in everything his father could show him, read everything. In the first place he could lay involved, rehearsed with un- Music straying eagerness, and filled reams of Study paper with activities and varieties (Brahms, 1-9). 2. Compare the experience of listening to Brahms’ Requiem to other musical performances you have seen this semester. To what extent is the Ellen Eccles a fitting venue for a performance of this kind? Different arrangers on their aesthetic work have investigated the key existential address in significantly particular courses through a medium that, as I would see it, is unsurpassed around the different manifestations of creative declaration in its capability to achieve the center of our being. Whats more when you have the chance to really sing these meets expectations, the knowledge of them could be upbeat. It doesnt get significantly more particular than that! What can one say in regards to the Mozart Requiem? The quick remarks made here address its energy and to the virtuoso of a writer whose blessing has given mankind the most wonderful and roused musical works ever to jump from the creative ability. The complexity between the Mozart and the Berlioz in their musical structure and inclination is hitting with Berlioz commitment being no less esteemed for the distinction. As Lynn has noted, the specialized requests on the soloists of both structures are considerable and this however shows that Brahms verbalization the extent that his

The Law of One Price - Purchasing Power Parity Assignment

The Law of One Price - Purchasing Power Parity - Assignment Example Multinational companies operating in countries such as those may be faced by risk emanating from their trade especially when there is a drawdown as well as repayment of Import/ Export Forex Loans in addition to disbursements of import/Export Bills denominated mostly in foreign currencies. Such companies will also be faced with risk emanating from Inward/Outward Remittances which are also denominated in currencies from other countries. There is also risk coming from overseas dividends that are arising from repatriating profit from overseas back home as well as operating expenses of overseas such as paying employees working in overseas. Lastly, foreign exchange risk may emanate from assets held in overseas countries such as excess cash balances of subsidiaries operating in overseas together with overseas liabilities that may result from the borrowing of foreign currency (Sharan, 2012). These fluctuations in foreign exchange rates may trigger changes in the value of the cash flows, liabilities and assets, particularly when they are denominated in foreign currencies. This means, therefore, such fluctuations may adversely affect a company’s outgoing import disbursements and incoming export funds. This is why management of foreign exchange risk is very important since it can help in minimising the risk or maximising the firm’s profit (Berg, 2010). A managed floating exchange rate is crucial for not only economic restructuring but also optimization of allocation of resources. This is because an exchange rate symbolizes price relations that exist between non-tradable and tradable goods and services. A regime of managed floating exchange rate improves the effectiveness of resource allocation, direct resources to the economic sectors that are mainly fuelled by domestic demand, for instance, the services sector, promotion of industrial upgrading, transformation of the economic pattern development, reduction of trade imbalances together with over-reliance on exports, all these stimulate economic demand to have an influential role in economic development and hence leads to promotion of balanced and sustained economic growth.

Business Aspects of Management Accounting Essay

Business Aspects of Management Accounting - Essay Example Thus the strategic management accounting techniques developed to provide business solutions and assist the management in taking strategic decisions. Cost management techques of SMA- ABC costing which focuses on the cost associated with activities which are the cause of indirect costs, their management so as to achieve competitive advantage, Life Cycle costing; This tries to trace the cost of a product from its inception, growth, maturity and delcline,thus give a broad long term view to the management from marketing perspective. Quality costing; the costs which arise due to quality control, quality failure prevention, quality achievement etc. These costs are considered essential these days as quality of a product sets the survival benchmark for any brand. Strategic Costing; the wholistic view of the band position and market pentration strategy is kept as the prime focus under this for competitive positioning and marketing. Target Costing; thorough analysis of how much profit can be supported by the market and refining the product design to ensure that the target profit is achieved. Thus external environment affects its outcome tr emendously. Value chain costing; The cost under this is supposed to include all activites from the design of the product to its distribution. It strategically considers companies likages with external entities ie. vendors and customers to bring in economies of scale resulting in greater efficiency. All these costing techniques help the management in its strategic decision making process be it for curtaing inefficienct activities or designing a product for specific target market. Performance Appraisal techniqes-Bench marking- this is a technique wherein best practices are identified and internal position is then evaluated against the idenfiied practices so as to bring about improvement in the processes and systems. This techniqe considers competitiors' practices and so is externally oriented. Integrated performance measurement- An integrated approach to performance appraisal which considers both financial and non financial measures. It is considered a balance approach and its role in strategic planning is important. Customer Accounting; this practice appraises cost, sales or profit by considering customer or customer segments as the base for accounting analysis. It is considered a relational marketing analysis tool. Competitor analysis- Competitive position monitoring; the monitoring is done by benchmarking various heads like, unit cost, market share, product mix and volume of competitors and plotting own data against it. These help in quick evaluation against main competitors and devise a game plan for future course of action. Competitor Cost Assessment; this is a variation of the earlier technique and focuses on cost patterns of competitors. The source of information is considered dubious like, ex-employees, common vendors or even close observation. Competitor Performance Appraisal based on public finacial statement; it is a fairly straight

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This in turn allows the organisations to formulate the marketing plan and strategies accordingly. Owing to increasing globalization and changes in the overall world, customers have now become more aware (Leslie, 1995). This in turn has increased the importance of customers in the process of formulating different strategies. It has become essential for the organisations to understand the attitudes and behaviour of the consumers, in order to ensure that the respective products have high acceptance and demand. Marketing plans and strategies are used by the organisations in order to increase the visibility and demand of the product. If these marketing strategies are integrated with the consumer behaviour and attitudes, the impact of these strategies can be improved (Varadarajan & Menon, 1988). In this report an attempt has been made to understand the influence of these consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing strategies of the organisations. Different marketing activities of Coca Cola have been used to explain the use of these models and theories in order to influence the process of decision making and consumer choice. For this purpose, it is first important to understand the relationship of marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. Once, understanding of this relationship will be developed it will become easier to comprehend the impact of different consumer behaviour models and theories on the marketing activities of the organisation (Vermeulen & Seegers, 2009). Most of the large organisations are aware of the importance of the understanding of consumer behaviour. Understanding the attitudes and behaviour of consumer enables the organisations to ensure the long term profits and growths associated with the products being offered (Gardner, 1985). First step in the process of formulating effective and efficient marketing strategy in order to survive in competitive industry is understanding and anticipating the consumer behaviour (Hawkins &

Floor Painting is the in Things Now-a-days Assignment

Floor Painting is the in Things Now-a-days - Assignment Example The colors scattered on the floor gave a very beautiful look and I was surprised to see this new art form on the floor. I had never seen such a thing earlier so it made me feel very good. I wanted to be a part of this activity so I asked one of the painters what he was painting. He told me that they were painting mother earth, with the figures of the planet and the earth in relation with one another. I enjoyed being there. The people gathered there to witness the activity were also surprised to see that such an event was taking place in front of their eyes. In fact, the whole scene was way too beautiful for me to envision and indeed understand. I asked many questions of the people who were present there. The artists were trying their best to paint the earth and its different colors. They were using the blue color for the water that is there in abundance on our planet and the other colors were used for the continents. There was a wide variety of colors spread on the floor which looked very astounding. I was happy to see positive enthusiasm within the people. It reflected their interest in the work that they were doing. It also spoke of their attachment to Mother Nature and anything that looked beautiful for their own sake. It is indeed our duty to make our earth look beautiful with each passing day (Marlin 1989). This activity was very enthralling in the sense that it made all of us feel happy and merry with delight and the colors that were spread all around made a jovial feel towards the activity that was going on. I stayed there for at least an hour and then I decided to take some snaps of the activity that was going on. I took a number of good-looking photographs and then I left the place with a feeling that there are still people present in this world, who want to do away with pollution.

Midas Case Study Essay Example for Free

Midas Case Study Essay Winners: From the customers perspective the winners which ensures they utilise Midas are Speed and Price. In order to assess the anticipated impacts of the introduction of maintenance services on the existing business process it is necessary to analyse the potential fit of the new business with the existing areas. This analysis will indicate whether or not the process can be effectively integrated within the existing production process without jeopardising the companys existing winning qualifiers. Potential negative impacts ?Need to new skills within taskforce ? training is necessary; ? Complicates the operation process; ?Demands on physical space and potential capacity constraints; ? Pressure on storage space of inventory ? may require offsite storage which may complicate the operation process; ? Additional labour demands; ?Planning complexity; ?New machinery will be required creating further pressures on location space; ? More time is required to offer all services; ?Possible bottlenecks in the operation process; ?Customer awareness of new services needs to be addressed. The problem with the proposed introduction of the maintenance services is that Midas is moving from specialised services, namely mufflers and brakes into more general services such as maintenance. The potential negative impacts have been outlined above, and the successful product line extension must be managed to ensure effective allocation of resources so that the existing businesses are not harmed. Suggested implementation We believe that the inherent nature of the maintenance services is different in form from the very specialised areas of replacement mufflers and brake servicing. Therefore we believe that effective product extension should be introduced in an isolated manner to ensure that the existing operation processes are affected as little as possible. Additional space, additional equipment and labour force retraining would be required in order to implement this new service. Certain information should be gathered from the shop owners. Midas should find out the amount of available resources (labour, space, etc? ) to gain a clearer picture of storeowners ideas/feedback, and to engage them in the product line extension. The storeowners are closer to day to day operations and therefore are better suited to assess the viability of the extension. Extension of the services should be restricted to those stores that have sufficient resources (including floor space, under-utilised labour, and inventory storage onsite) to allow product line extension so as to ensure that the Midas brand image in their main business of muffler and brake servicing are not harmed by capacity and service problems. Extension of the services should be monitored by preset criteria by the head offices in the various countries. If the service proves successful the viability of purchasing extra land to expand these services in other stores should be explored.

Gender Gender Socialization Theories

Gender Gender Socialization Theories According to many sociologists, there exists difference between sex and gender. Sex is the biological classification and gender is the outcome of social construction of separate roles of males and females. According to Lorber (2005), masculinity and femininity is not inborn that is children are taught these traits. As soon as a child is identified as being a male or female then everybody start treating him or her as such. Children learn to move in gendered ways through the support of his environment. They are taught the gendered roles projected someone who is female or male. As the child grows up, he develops his identity, know how to interact with others and learn the role to play in the society. Lorber, Judith. 2005. Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender. In The Spirit of Sociology: A Reader, ed. R. Matson, 292-305.New York: Penguin. There are many drivers involved in the socialization process which transmits the traditional gender role to the children and henceforth leading to occupational segregation later on. One set of gender socialization occur between parents and offspring. Parents are considered to be the primary agency in the process of socialization. They are inclined to interact with boys and girls in discrete styles. For example, a one year old baby is considered to have no sex difference, and however, parents are likely to act with boys and girls in dissimilar ways. They react to boys, when they seek interest by being aggressive and girls when they use gestures. Such interaction have long term effect on girls and boys communication styles, leading boys to more assertive styles and girls with more emotive styles. Ann Oakley and Ruth Hartley (1974), studies point out four main ways in which socialization into gender roles occur. Firstly, applying diverse physical and verbal manipulations to the child, for example, dressing a girl in feminine clothes. Secondly, drawing the child attention towards gender-identified toys. This is known as canalization whereby, boys and girls are given certain toys, clothing, sports equipment, and other objects are often culturally identified more with one gender than the other. Boys toys tend to encourage physical activity, whereas girls toys tend to stress physical proximity and mother-child talk. According to Oakley (1974), the socialization process aid to the maintenance of male dominance and female subservience. The roles learn through the above process shape adult behaviour and hence, contribute to the reproduction of differences in behavior of males and females. Thirdly, Applies Different Verbal Descriptions to the Same Behavior: Even years later, working in professional careers, women might find that they have to deal with different standards for the same behavior, being called pushy, for example, for behavior at work that in men is admired for being aggressive. The same thing happens in childhood: A boy is encouraged for being active, where as a girl is rebuked for being too rough. Or a girl is complimented for beinggentle, but a boy is criticized for not being competitive enough. Encourages or Discourages Certain Stereotypical Gender-Identified Activities: As a boy, were you asked to help mother with sewing, cooking, ironing, and the like? As a girl, were you made to help dad do yard work, shovel snow, takeout the trash, and so on? For most children, its often the reverse. Note thatthe identification of girls with indoor domestic chores and boys with outdoorchores becomes training for stereotypical gender roles (McHale et al. 1990;Blair 1992; Leaper 2002; Shellenbarger 2006). The education system is also considered to be a major part of the gender socialisation process. The hidden curriculum is known for reinforcing the traditional model of how girls and boys look and act through the use of course material. For example, teachers reinforces gender roles by encouraging boys and girls to develop different skills. According to Thorne (1993), children also divide themselves along gender lines in the lunch room, claiming different spaces of the playground, and often sanction individuals who violate gender roles. Mass media are one of the most powerful tools of gender socialization because television, magazines, radio, newspapers, video games, movies, and the Internet are ubiquitous in American culture. Like other social institutions, mass media reinforce traditional gender roles. Magazines targeted at girls and women emphasize the importance of physical appearance as well as finding, pleasing, and keeping a man. While boys and mens magazines also focus on the importance of physical appearance, they also stress the importance of financial success, competitive hobbies, and attracting women for sexual encounters (rather than lasting relationships). These supposed masculine and feminine characteristics and behaviors are reinforced across the media system, from video games and movies that show athletic heroes rescuing thin and busty damsels in distress, to television programs that depict women as housewives, nurses, and secretaries and men as lawyers, doctors, and corporate tycoons. Print media a lso play an important role in socialization. In childrens literature, for example, boys typically are the protagonists, who use strength and intelligence to overcome an obstacle. When girls are included in stories, they are typically passive followers of the male leader or helpers eager to support the male protagonist in his plan. This state of affairs is undergoing change, however. An increasing number of television shows (Zena: Warrior Princess, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Alias, and Veronica Mars), movies(Laura Croft: Tomb Raider and Elektra), and books (Harry Potter) have crafted new visions of masculinity and femininity. It remains to beseen if these images take hold and affect gender socialization processes. Mass media They also learn gender roles, the behavior and activities expected of someone who is male or female. These expectations channel male and female energies in different gender- appropriate directions. As children learn to look and behave like boys or girls, most reproduce and perpetuate their societys version of how the two sexes should be. When children fail to behave in gender-appropriate ways, their character becomes suspect (Lorber 2005) Lorber, Judith. 2005. Night to HisDay: The Social Construction ofGender. In The Spirit of Sociology:A Reader, ed. R. Matson, 292-305.New York: Penguin. At the minimum people call girls who violate the rules tomboys and boys who do so sissies. The gender socialization process may be direct or indirect. It is indirect when children learn gender expectations by observing others words and behavior, such as the jokes, comments, and stories they hear about men and women or portrayals of men and women they see in magazines, books, and on television(Raag and Rackliff1998).   Raag, Tarja, and Christine Rackliff.1998. Preschoolers Awarenessof Social Expectations of Gender: Relationships to Toy Choices.Sex Roles: A Journal of Research38(9-10): 685. Socialization is direct when significant others intentionally convey the societal expectations to children. Agents of Socialization Agents of socialization are the significant people, groups, and institutions that act to shape our gender identity-whether we identify as male, female, or something in between. Agents of socialization include family, classmates, peers, teachers, religious leaders, popular culture, and mass media. Child development specialist Beverly Fagot and her colleagues (1985) observed how preschool teachers shape gender identity. Specifically, the researchers focused on how toddlers, ages 12 and 24 months, in a play group interacted and communicated with one another and how teachers responded to the childrens attempts to communicate. Fagot, Beverly, Richard Hagan, Mary Driver Leinbach, and Sandra Kronsberg. 1985. Differential Reactions to Assertive and Communicative Acts of Toddler Boys and Girls. Child Development 56(6): 1499-1505. Fagot found no differences in the interaction styles of 12-month-old boys and girls: All of the children communicated by gestures, gentle touches, whining, crying, and screaming. The teachers, however, interacted with them in gender-specifi c ways. They were more likely to respond to girls who communicated in gentle, feminine ways and to boys who communicated in assertive, masculine ways. That is, the teachers tended to ignore girls assertive acts but respond to boys assertive acts. Thus, by the time these toddlers were two, they communicated in very different ways. Fagots research was conducted more than 20 years ago. A more recent study found that early childhood teachers are more accepting of girls cross-gender behaviors and explorations than they are of boys. According to this research, teachers believe that boys who behave like sissies are at greater risk of growing up to be homosexual and psychologically ill-adjusted than are girls who behave like tomboys. This fi nding suggests that while American society has expanded the range of behaviors and appearances deemed acceptable for girls, it has not extended the range for boys in the same way (Cahill and A dams 1997). Childrens toys and celebrated images of males and females fi gure prominently in the socialization process, along with the ways in which adults treat children. Barbie dolls, for example, have been marketed since 1959 with the purpose of inspiring little girls to think about what they wanted to be when they grew up. The dolls are available in 67 countries. An estimated 95 percent of girls between ages 3 and 11 in the United States have Barbie dolls, which come in several different skin colors and 45 nationalities (Mattel 2010).